657: Battle of Siffin during the first Muslim civil war between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiyah I beside Euphrates River

1519: Francisco Pizarro receives royal charter for the west coast of South America

1533: Francisco Pizarro orders the death of the last Sapa Inca Emperor, Atahualpa

1803: The Surrey Iron Railway, arguably the world’s first public railway, opens in south London

1908: United States Attorney General Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation)

1945: Declaration of Potsdam: US, Britain and China demand the unconditional surrender of Japan during WWII

1953: Fidel Castro leads a failed attack on the Moncada Barracks, intended to spark a revolution in Cuba

Source: Onthisday.com